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}} |postal_code = 202100 |postal_code_type = Postal code |settlement_type = County |image_skyline = China Shanghai Chongming Nanmen.jpg |image_size = 250px |image_caption = Nanmen Port in Chengqiao, the county seat and largest town on Chongming. |image_map = Shanghai administrative Chongming.svg |map_caption = Location within Shanghai |mapsize = 220px |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = People's Republic of China |subdivision_type1 = Municipality |subdivision_name1 = Shanghai |area_total_km2 = 1411 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_total = 704000 |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = CN-31 |latNS = N |latd = 31 |latm = 40 |longEW = E |longd = 121 |longm = 30 |elevation_m = |timezone = China Standard |utc_offset = +8 | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 021 |website = }} County, is the only county in the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai in China. The county consists of three low-lying inhabited alluvial islands at the mouth of the Yangtze north of the Shanghai peninsula: Chongming, Changxing, and Hengsha. Following its massive expansion in the 20th century, Chongming is now the 2nd-largest island administered by the People's Republic of China and the 3rd-largest in Greater China, after Taiwan and Hainan. The county does not, however, administer all of the Chongming: owing to its continual expansion from sediment deposited by the Yangtze, it has merged with formerly separate islands and now includes Jiangsu province's pene-exclave townships of Haiyong and Qilong. The county proper covers an area of and had a population of at the time of the 2010 Chinese census. The county was established in 1396, the second year of the Ming dynasty's Hongwu Emperor. The islands' continuing designation as Shanghai's only county (as opposed to the other districts) marks them as the most rural area of the municipality, to which they were long connected only by ferry service. With the completion of the Yangtze and Chongqi Bridges, it is now connected to both Shanghai and southeastern Jiangsu province along the Hushan Expressway. Further development is now proceeding according to an urban and agricultural master-plan led by Philip Enquist of SOM, although ambitious plans for an ecocity named Dongtan have been shelved since the 2006 ouster of mayor Chen Liangyu and other neighborhoods have swelled with immigration from people relocated from central China following the completion of the Three Gorges Dam. ==History== Present-day Chongming first developed as two separate shoals—Xisha and Dongsha—during the Wude Era ( 618–626) of the Tang dynasty. By the first year of Shenlong (705), a town was established on Xisha which was known as "Chongming".〔("Chongming County" in the ''Encyclopedia of Shanghai'', pp. 50 ff. ) Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers (Shanghai), 2010. Hosted by the Municipality of Shanghai.〕 The number, size, and shapes of the islands fluctuated repeatedly over time and with the floods of the Yangtze River.〔 In the 15th year of Jiading (1222) under the Southern Song, the islands were part of Tongzhou Prefecture.〔 These early settlers were mostly fishermen and salt collectors,〔 with its principal saltern at Tianci. In the 14th year of Zhiyuan (1277) under Kublai Khan of the Yuan, was organized within Yangzhou.〔 Owing to the shifting sands of the islands, however, the county seat needed to be repeatedly moved.〔("Chongming Island" in the ''Encyclopedia of Shanghai'', p. 52. )〕 During the late Yuan and early Ming, the sparsely-inhabited shoals of the area began to fill with migrants from Pudong and other areas of Songjiang Prefecture. These immigrants introduced cotton cultivation, which spread widely prior to China's opening to international trade in the later Qing. There was small-scale textile production in the area, but most was exported for use in Songjiang, Hangzhou, and other more developed areas of Jiangnan.〔Walker, Kathy Le Mons. ("The View from the Periphery: Tongzhou and the Northern Delta" in ''Chinese Modernity and the Peasant Path: Semicolonialism in the Northern Yangzi Delta'', pp. 52 ff. ) Stanford University Press (Stanford), 1999.〕 In the 2nd year of Hongwu (1396) under the Ming, the prefecture was elevated to a county〔 but, shortly afterwards, a major subsidence provoked a mass emigration back to the mainland.〔 This county was later placed in Suzhou and then Taicang Prefectures.〔 The unification of over 30 shoals in 1681 was effectively the creation of the present-day Chongming, although it remained much smaller at the time.〔 Under the Republic, the county was organized first under the Nantong and then the Songjiang Special Administration District. Nine years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, it was placed under the municipality of Shanghai in December 1958.〔 Reclamation, particularly large-scale work on the island's northern and eastern tidal flats in the 1960s and ’90s, doubled the size of Chongming between 1950 and 2010.〔 Dongtan was a proposed ecocity which was planned to open along with the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai but stalled following the 2006 ouster of Shanghai mayor Chen Liangyu.〔Montlake, Simon. ("In China, Overambition Reins in Eco-City Plans" ) in the ''Christian Science Monitor''. 23 Dec 2008. Accessed 10 Jan 2015.〕〔Fox, Jesse. ("Dongtan, China's Flagship Ecocity Project, R.I.P." ) Treehugger, 5 Jan 2009. Accessed 10 Jan 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chongming County」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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